Notes by Rabbi Yehoshua Hartman on Gevurot Hashem 40:246ืคืืจืืฉืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืจื ืืืืฉืข ืืจืืื ืขื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืืณ:ืจืืดื
...
(246) ืืืืื ืื ืืชื ืฉืืืข ืืื, ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืืชืืืจ. ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืชื, ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืงืืืืช. ืืืืื, ืืืขืื ืค"ื [ืชืงื:] ืืชื: "ืื ื ื ืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืื ืืื, ืืืื ืขืืงืจ ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืืืจ, ืื ืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืคืจื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืื". ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื [ืจืขื.] ืืชื: "ืืืขืชื ืืืฉืจ ืชืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืืืจื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืงืฆืช ืืขืฆืื, ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืชื". ืืฉื ืืืจ ืืฉืฉื [ืจืื:] ืืชื: "ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืชื, ืืืืืจ ืขืฆื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืชืชื, ืืื ืืงืื ืคืชื ืืคืืืฉ ืคืชืื ื". ืืืชืคืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืก"ืค ื [ืคื:] ืืชื: "ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื, ืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืื ืืืชืจ, ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืขืืืงืื". ืืฉื ืคื"ื ืืืช ื [ืชืคื:] ืืชื: "ืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืฉืืขืจ ืืืืืื". ืืื ืฆื ืืฉืจืื ืก"ืค ื [ืงืฆื.] ืืชื: "ืื ืชืฉืขืจ ืืืขืชื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืื ืืคืืจืืฉ, ืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืคืจืฉ ืืื ืืืชื". ืืืคืื ืืฆืืง, ืื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืื, ืืืช ื, ืืชื: "ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืืืืช ืขืืื ืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืคื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืคืื ืฉื ืืงืืืืืก ืืชืืื ืืื" [ืืืื ืืืขืื ืค"ื ืืขืจื 311]. ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืคืจืฉ ืืช ืืื ืืืชื, ืื ืืฆื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืืืช. ืืืกืืื ืืขืจื 248 ื ืืงืื ืขืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื. ืืจืื ืืืื ืคื"ื ืืขืจืืช 138, 139, ืืคื"ื ืืขืจื 138.
Duties of the Heart, Second Treatise on Examination 5:38ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืฉืขืจ ืฉื ื - ืฉืขืจ ืืืืื ื ืืณ:ืืดื
Afterwards, reflect further on the benefits G-d has bestowed on man by the gift of speech and the orderly arrangement of words, whereby he gives expression to what is in his mind and soul and understands the conditions of others. The tongue is the heart's pen and the mind's messenger. Without speech, there would be no social relations between one person and another; a human being would be an animal. Through speech, the superiority of an individual among his fellows becomes apparent. The pacts between man and his fellow are made through speech, and likewise between G-d and His servants. By means of speech, a man turns away from his perverseness and seeks forgiveness for his iniquities. Speech is the greatest evidence of a man's nobility or ignobility. Man, it has been said, is heart and tongue. And this completes the definition of a human being. For a human being is defined as a "living, speaking, mortal creature" and by speech, he is differentiated from the brute animals.
ืืืืดโื ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืคืฉื ืืืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ื ืืืืชื. ืืืืฉืื ืงืืืืืก ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฆืคืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืขืืืชืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืคืจืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืขืืชื. ืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืจ ืืืื ืจืดโื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืช. ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช:
Radak on Psalms 52:4:1ืจื"ืง ืขื ืชืืืืื ื ืดื:ืืณ:ืืณ
...
ืืืืช. ืืคื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืกืคืจืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืงืืืืืก ืืื:
Ben Porat Yosef, Miketz 147ืื ืคืืจืช ืืืกืฃ, ืืงืฅ ืงืืดื
...
ืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื, ืื ืืจืืช ืืืฉืื ืืื ืงืืืืืก ืืื, ืืคืจืฉ ืืืืืืช ืฆืคืื ืืช ืื ืกืชืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืืืกืฃ ืืื ืืจืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืคืืจ ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ื ืฆืคืื ืืช ืืืคืืข ืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืจืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืข ืืืืื ืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืื, ื) ืืื ืชืืื[ื]ืช ืืขืงื ืืืกืฃ ืืื "ื, ืืืื.
Toldot Yaakov Yosef, Vaera 45ืชืืืืืช ืืขืงื ืืืกืฃ, ืืืจื ืืดื
...
ืื ืจืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืขืจ ืฆืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืกืจ ืืคื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืฉืืื ื ืืืืข ืืืืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจ ืงืืจ[ื]ืช ืืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืจืฉ ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืืื' (ืค"ื ื"ื). ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืข ืืฆืคืื ืืื, ืื ืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืคืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ืืืข ืงืืืืก ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื, ืื ืจืื ืืคืกืืง ืืืฉืื ื ืขื ืกืืคืจ ืืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืื, ื), ืืืชื ืืขืืืืช ืืคืจืื (ืืืืจ ืงืื) ืืขื"ืฉ. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืคื ืืืืื (ืืฉืื ืื, ืื), ืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืืืืชื ืืืืขื.
Rabbeinu Bahya, Vayikra 25:1:2ืจืื ื ืืืื, ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืณ:ืืณ
Solomon contrasts the opposite natures of the righteous and the wicked. He reveals to us that the wicked are proud and arrogant by nature, whereas the righteous is modest and self-effacing. He does so in order to encourage us to practice the positive virtues of the righteous and to avoid practicing the negative virtues of the wicked. The word ืืขื ืืช used by Solomon when describing the righteous is the same word applied by Moses to Pharaoh in Exodus 10,3 when he asked Pharaoh how long he would still refuse to humble himself, ืืขื ืืช, before the Lord? Moses challenged Pharaoh saying that since he had not yet humbled himself before the Lord his answer to the requests made of him by Gโd through Moses would reflect his arrogance. Manโs speech is a mirror of how or what he thinks. The ืืืื ืืืืกืจ (Chovot HaLevavot section HaBechinah chapter 5) describe language as the writing quill of the heart. Seeing the righteous person has a clean conscience the words he speaks truly reflect what he thinks and what is in his heart. The reverse is true of the wicked person. It is not enough that he has arrogant thoughts in his heart, but he has enough effrontery to verbalize his arrogance, showing one and all that he is a foolish person.
It is a well known fact that self-effacement is one of the finest positive virtues as our sages have taught us (Chulin 89) the universe endures only due the people who perceive themselves as if they were of no consequence; this is what is meant by Deut. 33,27: ืืืชืืช ืืจืืขืืช ืขืืื, โand he who perceives of himself as beneath (everybody else) is what results in the world being planted successfully.โ Examples of how the righteous down- graded their own selves are found in Genesis 18,27 when Avraham described himself as ืขืคืจ ืืืคืจ, โdust and ashes.โ Moses and Aaron when challenged by the people in Exodus 16,8 exclaimed ืื ืื ื ืื โwho are we?โ They meant that since they themselves derived all their spiritual input only from Gโd why would the people complain against them! We find that in Psalms 22,7 David describes himself as โa worm, not a man.โ Furthermore, we have a tradition that the presence of Gโd manifests itself only to the humble, the self-effacing (compare Mechilta on Exodus 12, item 9). This is also what is meant in Isaiah 57,15: โI dwell on high, in holiness; yet with the contrite and the lowly in spirit - reviving the spirits of the lowly.โ Similarly, Torah knowledge becomes the permanent property only of the lowly in spirit (compare Derech Eretz Zuta 8). Our sages in Taanit 7 ask: โwhy is the Torah compared to water so that the prophet Isaiah 55,1 when inviting people to learn Torah, called out: โcome all you who are thirsty for water and get water!โ Just as waters leave the elevated place they originate in and flow downwards, so the Torah cannot be at home for long in someone whose heart feels proud and superior to others. In the Aggadah of Eiruvin 55 we also have a statement that the words of Moses in Deut. 30,12 that the Torah is not found in heaven refers to arrogant people and that Torah does no make its home in the brain of such people. People who raise their own importance as if it reached heaven, are not liable to retain their Torah knowledge. True Torah knowledge is attained by those who โkillโ themselves (i.e. kill their ego) in order to attain it. The Torah speaks of ืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืื โwhen someone dies in the tentโ (of Torah), compare Numbers 19,14. Our sages (Bereshit Rabbah 19,7) have formulated the principle that ืขืืงืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืชืื ืื, that the principal manifestation of Gโdโs attribute of ืืืื is found among the terrestrial beings, as we know from Genesis 3,8 โthey heard the voice of Gโd walking by Himself in the garden following the prevailing wind of the day.โ David alluded to the mystical element in all this in Psalms 104,17 when he said: โthe stork has her home in the junipers.โ [The word ืืกืืื here translated as โstork,โ was also the name of a daughter of Avraham who excelled in deeds of loving kindness for mankind which is why her name became known as ืืกืืื, (as opposed to ืืกืื, masculine). Compare Zohar Pinchas 217. Rabbi Chavell. Ed.] Seeing that Adam sinned, the Shechinah began its gradual retreat from the terrestrial universe, a retreat which was reversed only with the advent of Avraham and which was reversed totally with the inauguration of the Tabernacle. The Torah was revealed on Sinai, a low mountain instead of on a high mountain such as Mount Hermon. This was intended to further make the point that what appears to dwarf all else physically is not necessarily what Torah and its message is all about. In Psalms 68,17 David refers to the hostility of the mountains of Bashan toward the mountain on which the Torah was given, Mount Sinai. Those mountains thought that they had a far better claim to serve as Gโdโs residence on earth. [I have translated the authorโs words according to the text in my and other editions, although, personally, I feel that the jealousy of the mountains in Bashan described in the verse quoted was directed against Mount Zion, the site of the Temple, much lower than the mountains of Bashan. After all, the psalm speaks about ืืฉืืชื โserving as His residence.โ Mount Sinai never served as the site of Gโdโs residence on earth. Ed.]
It is a well known fact that self-effacement is one of the finest positive virtues as our sages have taught us (Chulin 89) the universe endures only due the people who perceive themselves as if they were of no consequence; this is what is meant by Deut. 33,27: ืืืชืืช ืืจืืขืืช ืขืืื, โand he who perceives of himself as beneath (everybody else) is what results in the world being planted successfully.โ Examples of how the righteous down- graded their own selves are found in Genesis 18,27 when Avraham described himself as ืขืคืจ ืืืคืจ, โdust and ashes.โ Moses and Aaron when challenged by the people in Exodus 16,8 exclaimed ืื ืื ื ืื โwho are we?โ They meant that since they themselves derived all their spiritual input only from Gโd why would the people complain against them! We find that in Psalms 22,7 David describes himself as โa worm, not a man.โ Furthermore, we have a tradition that the presence of Gโd manifests itself only to the humble, the self-effacing (compare Mechilta on Exodus 12, item 9). This is also what is meant in Isaiah 57,15: โI dwell on high, in holiness; yet with the contrite and the lowly in spirit - reviving the spirits of the lowly.โ Similarly, Torah knowledge becomes the permanent property only of the lowly in spirit (compare Derech Eretz Zuta 8). Our sages in Taanit 7 ask: โwhy is the Torah compared to water so that the prophet Isaiah 55,1 when inviting people to learn Torah, called out: โcome all you who are thirsty for water and get water!โ Just as waters leave the elevated place they originate in and flow downwards, so the Torah cannot be at home for long in someone whose heart feels proud and superior to others. In the Aggadah of Eiruvin 55 we also have a statement that the words of Moses in Deut. 30,12 that the Torah is not found in heaven refers to arrogant people and that Torah does no make its home in the brain of such people. People who raise their own importance as if it reached heaven, are not liable to retain their Torah knowledge. True Torah knowledge is attained by those who โkillโ themselves (i.e. kill their ego) in order to attain it. The Torah speaks of ืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืื โwhen someone dies in the tentโ (of Torah), compare Numbers 19,14. Our sages (Bereshit Rabbah 19,7) have formulated the principle that ืขืืงืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืชืื ืื, that the principal manifestation of Gโdโs attribute of ืืืื is found among the terrestrial beings, as we know from Genesis 3,8 โthey heard the voice of Gโd walking by Himself in the garden following the prevailing wind of the day.โ David alluded to the mystical element in all this in Psalms 104,17 when he said: โthe stork has her home in the junipers.โ [The word ืืกืืื here translated as โstork,โ was also the name of a daughter of Avraham who excelled in deeds of loving kindness for mankind which is why her name became known as ืืกืืื, (as opposed to ืืกืื, masculine). Compare Zohar Pinchas 217. Rabbi Chavell. Ed.] Seeing that Adam sinned, the Shechinah began its gradual retreat from the terrestrial universe, a retreat which was reversed only with the advent of Avraham and which was reversed totally with the inauguration of the Tabernacle. The Torah was revealed on Sinai, a low mountain instead of on a high mountain such as Mount Hermon. This was intended to further make the point that what appears to dwarf all else physically is not necessarily what Torah and its message is all about. In Psalms 68,17 David refers to the hostility of the mountains of Bashan toward the mountain on which the Torah was given, Mount Sinai. Those mountains thought that they had a far better claim to serve as Gโdโs residence on earth. [I have translated the authorโs words according to the text in my and other editions, although, personally, I feel that the jealousy of the mountains in Bashan described in the verse quoted was directed against Mount Zion, the site of the Temple, much lower than the mountains of Bashan. After all, the psalm speaks about ืืฉืืชื โserving as His residence.โ Mount Sinai never served as the site of Gโdโs residence on earth. Ed.]
ืฉืืื ืืืื ืข"ื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืื (ืืฉืื ืื) ืขื ืืฆืืืง ืืืจืฉืข ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืืคืืื ืืขืื ืฉืชื ืืงืฆืืืช, ืืืฉ ืขื ืขืืจื ืืงืฆืื, ืืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืฆืืืง ืืขื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืฉืข ืืื ืฉืืชืจืืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืืง ืืืืช ืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืจ ืื ืืฆืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืชืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืคืืืช, ืืืืช ืืขื ืืช ืื (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืขื ืืช ืืคื ื, ืฉืชืจืืื ืืืชืื ืขื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืืืืข ืฉืืืืจื ืื, ืืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืกืจ ืืืฉืื ืงืืืืืก ืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืกืชืจื ืืฆืคืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืืืกืื ืืืขืื ืขืืื, ืืื ื ืืจืฉืข ืืืคื, ืฉืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืขืืช ืืืฆืคืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืข ืืืชื ืืคืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืคืื ืืืคืจืกื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืืคื ืืฆืืืง ืื ืกืชืจื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืืื ื ืืืขืื ืจืื, ืฉืื ืืจืฉื ืจื"ื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืชืงืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืขืฆืื ืืฉืืจืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืชืืช ืืจืืขืืช ืขืืื, ืืื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืืงืื ืฉืืฉืคืืืื ืขืฆืื, ืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืื ืื ืขืคืจ ืืืคืจ, ืืืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ืื) ืื ืื ื ืื, ืืืื ืข"ื ืืืจ (ืชืืืืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืื ืื ืชืืืขืช ืืื ืืืฉ ืืื'. ืืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืจืื, ืืื ืฉืืชืื (ืืฉืขืืื ื ืดื:ืืดื) ืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืฉืคื ืจืื, ืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืจืื, ืืื ืฉืืจืฉื ืจื"ื ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืชืืจื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉื ื ื) ืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ื ืืื ืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืื ืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืชื ืฉืคืื. ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจืฉ (ืืืจืื ื) ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื, ืื ืชืืฆื ืืืกื ืืจืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืชืืืื ืขืฆืื ืขื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืขืฆืื ืขืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉืขืงืจ ืืืจืชื ืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืฉืืื, ืืจืฉื ืจื"ื ืขืงืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืชืื ืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืืฉืืขื ืืช ืงืื ื' ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื. ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืข"ื ืขื ืืจื ืืกืื ืืืืจ (ืชืืืืื ืงืดื:ืืดื) ืืกืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืชื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืกืชืืงื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจื ืืฉืจืชื ืืืจ ืกืื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืคื ืฉืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืงื"ื ืืืชื ืชืืจื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืืื ืกืดื:ืืดื) ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืชื, ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืชื ื ืื ืืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืฉืืื.
Resisei Layla 13:1ืจืกืืกื ืืืื ืืดื:ืืณ
...
ืืคื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืืชื ืืกืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืคื ืขืจืื. ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืื ืืจืข ืืื ืืขืืืช ืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืกืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืื ืืืื. ืืืจื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืจ (ื"ื ืจืื ืกืืฃ ืข"ื) ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืืื ืืงืื ืชืืจื. ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืืจื ืืกืืื (ื ื.) ืื ืืืืื ืื' ืืฆืจื ืืืื ืื' ืคืืจืืฉ ืืฆืจ ืืชืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืจื ื"ื (ืกืืื ื.) ืขื ืคืกืืง ืื ืชืฉืื. ืืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืืืืช ืฉืืืช. ืืืืืืช ืืฆืจื ืืขืืืื ืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืจืืื ืืขืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืจืข ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืื. ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื (ืกื:) ืืืฉืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืขืื ื ืืื ืืืจืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืื ืืขืช ืฉื ืขืงืจ ืืฆืจื ืืขืืืื ืืจื ื ืกืชืืงื ื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืกืจืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืจืช ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืขืื ืจืง ืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืื ืขืืืฃ ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืื ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืข"ืฉ ืืจืื"ื ืื"ื (ืื.) ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืขืื. ืืคื ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจืื ืจืื (ื, ื) ืืืืจ ืืงื"ื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืฆืจ ืจืข ืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืฉื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืืฆืจื ืืขืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืขืื. ืื' ืืกื ืืืจืื (ืงื.) ืืืจื ืงืจืืช ืื ืืืืื ืงืฉืจื ืืืืฆืื ืื' ืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืชืงื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืช ืื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืื ืืืคืจื ืก ืื ืืชื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืื ืืชื ื' ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืกืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืกืชืจ ืืืืฆืื ืื' ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืื ืืืจืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฉื ืืืืืช. ืืื ืืืจื ืคืจื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืฆืืข ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืื' ืืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืกืชืืง. ืืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืืื ืงืฉืจื ืื' ืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืืชื ืืืืจ ืืคืจื ื ืชืื ืช ืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืขื ืื ืชืืจื ืื ืืคืจื. ืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืจ"ื ืืกืืืจ ืกืืจื ืื ืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืคืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืงืืื ืืืคืืช ืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืจืง ืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช. ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืงืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจื ืื"ื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืืขืื ืืืืื ืกืคืจ ืืืกืจ ืืฆื ืืฉืขืจืช ืฉืื. ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืืฉ ืืกืคืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืชืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืฉื ืคืชื ืืคื ืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืืจ. ืืืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืคืจื ืื ืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืจืืืฉ ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืจืืข ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืคืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืื ื ืคืชื ืคืื ืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืจืืจื ืืืคืืจืฉืช ืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฉ ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืงืืืขื ืืืจ ืื ืืชืืืื. ืืืืืข ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืืืฉ ืืืจืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืจ ื ืคืชื ืฉืขืจ ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืขืืื. ืืืื ืคืชืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืื ืขืกืง ืืืืจืืช ืฉืงืืข ืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ืืชืงืื ืื ืืืืืืื. ืืคื ืฉืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืคืชืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืกืชืืื ืขืื ืืื ืคืชืืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืขืฉืื ืืืืืช ืงืืืขืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืคืืื ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืงืื ืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ื ืก ืขื ืืื ืขื ืง. ืื ืืืจ ืคืชืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืื ืฉืขืจืื ืฉืคืชืื ืงืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืชืื ืฉืขืจืื ืืืจืื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ืงืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืขืืงืื ืืืชืจ. ืื ืื ืืืจ ืขืืจื ืฉืขืจ ืื ืคืฉื ืฉื ืคืชื ืืจืืฉืื ืื. ืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืคืจื ืืืจ ื ืงืืขื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืงืืืขืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืคืชื ืืืชื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืจืืืชื ืขื ืงืื ืืช ืืืืจืืืืช. ืืืืขื (ืื"ืง ืื.) ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจ ืื ืืฃ ืืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ืฉืคื ืืืืจืื ืืืขืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืงืื ืืืชื ืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืคืชื ืืื ื ืกืชื ืขืื. ืืื ืืฉืขืจ ืื' ืฆืืืงืื ืืื' ืืขืื ืืืื ืฆืืืงืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืงืฉืจื ืืืืฆืื ืฉืืื ืคืชืืืช ืืืจ ืืืืจืช ื ืืื ืืื ืคืจื ืืคืจื ืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืื' ืืืคื ืืืกืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืฆืืข ืื ืื ืื ืืขืฉืื ื ืคืขืืช ืื ื. ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืคืืจืงื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืืืจื ืืื ื ืกืืคืืจ ืืืจืื ืจืง ืฉืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืขืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืชื ืืื ืฉื ืืชืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืกืื ืื ืืื. ืืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืชืืจื ืฉืืขื ืคื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืขื ืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืกื ืืืจืื (ืื.) ืืจืง ืืคื ืงืืืืก ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืก ืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืื. ืืื ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืงืจื ืืืื ืืืจื ืจื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืคืืจืงื ืคืืจืืฉ ืฉืืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจืืฉ ืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืชืืืงืืช ืจืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืชืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจ"ื. ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ื ืกืชืืง ืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืจืง ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืฉืื ืื ืืืื (ืื"ืฉ ืืจืืืช ื ื:) [ืืื ืืจืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืจืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืคืจื ืืคืจื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืกืฃ ืืื ืฉืืชืืชื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืขื ืคืกืืง ืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืื' ืืืืจื ื"ื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืื ืกืืฃ ืคืจืฉื ืคื) ื ืื ืก ืืืืืฉ ืืืฆื ืื' ืจืฆื ืคืืฉืจืื ืื'. ืืืื ืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืคื ืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืคืจื. ืืืื ืขืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืขืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืื ืฉืืืจื ื"ื (ืืืจืฉ ืชื ืืืื ืชืฉื ืื). ืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืขื ืฉืืื ืืืจืขื ืื ืืคื ืืฉืืืืืช ืื ืืืกืจืื ืื "ื. ืืืชืืืช ืชืืงืื ื ืืคื ืืืจืฉื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืืืกืฃ ืฉืืื ืืืจืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืชื (ืืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืืืง ืืฃ ื ื)].